![]() However, produced water treatment and generation of co-products can also be an opportunity to add market value to a stream that has no economic value. Average disposal costs range from US$ 4.00 to US$ 8.00 per barrel and can reach US$ 20.00 per barrel with transportation. In 2019, an estimated 21 billion barrels tons of produced water were discharged offshore. The volume of produced water generated in the petroleum production activity, whether onshore or offshore, is one of the largest among all the streams generated by the oil and gas industry (IFC 2007b). In all stages of the petroleum production chain there are aspects that can lead to environmental pollution caused by liquid and solid wastes, or gaseous emissions (IFC 2007a). ![]() However, the oil and gas sector is one of the activities that represent major impact on the environment (Magrini and Lins 2007 O’Rourke and Connolly 2003). The importance that petroleum represents for the international economy and politics is unquestionable. Due to its various derivatives, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, diesel, kerosene, naphtha, fuel and lubricant oils, marine fuel, and coke, including uses in the petrochemical industry (Almeida 2006 Fraser and Ellis 2009), it becomes difficult to replace, in the short term, in the energy matrix of any country (Almada and Parente 2013). ![]() Oil is a fundamental energy source for many countries since it serves as input for countless industrial sectors (automotive, textile, agricultural, chemical, among others) (Aneel 2008). The studied methodology can be used as a starting point for new experimental works that have the purpose to obtain salts from produced water and can help for better understanding its potential as carbon capture agent and a source of valuable products, contributing to the reduction of the environmental impact and adding value to the production chain. A preliminary financial analysis indicates an annual revenue of US$ 126,607,292.31 in sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride and US$ 2,862,897.23 in carbon credits per year. The best outcome for the reaction of bicarbonate attained a conversion of 44.5% of sodium chloride into sodium bicarbonate and capture of 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year. Four steps were made with different experimental setups. No previous work used the combination of produced water and CO 2 aiming at the synthesis of new products. The experimental unit developed in this work was based on the Solvay process, to convert sodium chloride (NaCl) into sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) from synthetic produced water and carbon dioxide (CO 2). This work presents a solution proposal for both problems throughout the development of an apparatus which allows the synthesis of salts dissolved in produced water with CO 2 capture. Other critical factor in this sector is carbon dioxide emissions. The calcination of limestone (Reaction 5.13.4) provides ample carbon dioxide to make up for inevitable losses from the process, but some additional ammonia has to be added to compensate for any leakage.Produced water is the main residue from the petroleum extraction industry. It maximizes recycle of two major reactants, ammonia and carbon dioxide. A significant amount of NH 3 is required to initiate the process with relatively small quantities to keep it going.Ģ. It uses inexpensive, abundantly available raw materials in the form of NaCl brine and limestone (CaCO 3). There are two respects in which it does meet green chemical criteria:ġ. It has such a voracious appetite for water that it cannot be dried economically for storage in a dry form.ĭoes the Solvay process meet the criteria for a green chemical synthesis? There is not a simple answer to that question. The commercial demand for this salt is limited, although concentrated solutions of it are used for de-icing ice-covered roads. It has the disadvantage of generating a solution of calcium chloride, CaCl 2. This has the advantage of recycling ammonia, which is essential for the process to be economical. Releasing ammonia gas that is recycled back into Reaction 5.13.1 for NaHCO 3 synthesis.
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